Paragonimiasis in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue: report of 3 cases.

Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the lung fluke, Paragonimus spp. Lung flukes may be found in various organs, such as the brain, peritoneum, subcutaneous tissues, and retroperitoneum, other than the lungs. Abdominal paragonimiasis raises a considerable diagnostic challenge to clinicians, because it is uncommon and may be confused with other abdominopelvic inflammatory diseases, particularly peritoneal tuberculosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Also, subcutaneous paragonimiasis does not easily bring up clinical suspicion, due to its rarity. We herein report 2 cases of abdominal paragonimiasis and 1 case of subcutaneous paragonimiasis in Korea.

Paragonimiasis in the Abdominal Cavity and Subcutaneous Tissue: Report of 3 Cases

Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the lung fluke, Paragonimus spp. Lung flukes may be found in various organs, such as the brain, peritoneum, subcutaneous tissues, and retroperitoneum, other than the lungs. Abdominal paragonimiasis raises a considerable diagnostic challenge to clinicians, because it is uncommon and may be confused with other abdominopelvic inflammatory diseases, particularly peritoneal tuberculosis, and peritoneal carcinomatosis. Also, subcutaneous paragonimiasis does not easily bring up clinical suspicion, due to its rarity. We herein report 2 cases of abdominal paragonimiasis and 1 case of subcutaneous paragonimiasis in Korea.

Inmunodiagnóstico en Didelphis marsupialis usando un antígeno de Paragonimus de Venezuela / Immunodiagnostic in Didelphis marsupialis using an antigen of Venezuelan Paragonimus

Los Paragonimus son trematodos que habitualmente viven en los pulmones de mamíferos carnívoros y omnívoros, entre ellos el hombre. En el oriente venezolano se encuentra el único foco de Paragonimus sp. donde Didelphis marsupialis es el único reservorio demostrado hasta ahora. Con el fin de tener herramientas de inmunodiagnóstico que detecten la presencia de Paragonimus sp. en esta especie, se elaboraron varios reactivos para realizar un ensayo inmunoenzimático ELISA. Entre ellos se obtuvo un antígeno crudo soluble de vermes adultos de Paragonimus y una inmunoglobulina de gallina anti-IgG de Didelphis marsupialis. Los mismos se capturaron en la localidad de Aguas Blancas, municipio Montes, estado Sucre, Venezuela, y se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas; en el caso de estar infectados, los vermes adultos se extrajeron del pulmón. Los parásitos se homogenizaron y ultracentrifugaron para obtener la fracción soluble del parásito (FSPA) como antígeno para el ELISA y Western blot y detectar los anticuerpos en los Didelphis marsupialis. El análisis electroforético mostró 22 moléculas entre 6 y 82 kDa; por Western blot se presentó un reconocimiento antigénico de 8 moléculas siendo las de 112 kDa y 268 kDa las más reconocidas por los sueros positivos. Los sueros negativos no reconocieron ninguna proteína. La producción de IgY en gallinas permitió desarrollar las técnicas de inmunodiagnóstico para la búsqueda de anticuerpos específicos anti-Paragonimus sp. en Didelphis, cuya aplicación permitirá establecer la vigilancia epidemiológica de estos reservorios en áreas endémicas sin sacrificio de los mismos.

Paragonimus are trematodes that normally live in the lungs of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals such as humans. An outbreak of Paragonimus sp. in which Didelphis marsupialis was the only wild reservoir incriminated was described in eastern Venezuela. In order to have immunological tools to detect the presence of Paragonimus sp. in this reservoir, a whole antigen of the adult worm of this parasite was elaborated. Didelphis marsupialis were captured in the locality of Aguas Blancas, Montes municipality, Sucre state, Venezuela, from which blood samples were obtained and a search for worms was performed in lungs. Worms were homogenized and ultracentrifugated to obtain FSPA to perform immunoassay (ELISA) to detect antibodies in opossums. The electrophoresis analysis showed a pattern of 22 molecules between 6 and 82 kDa; by western blot, the antigenic recognition of 8 antigenic molecules appeared,112 kDa and 268 kDa molecules being the most strongly recognized by positive sera. The negative sera did not recognize any band. The production of IgY in chicken enabled the development of reagents capable of performing a standard immunodiagnosis technique to find specific anti-Paragonimus sp. in Didelphis marsupialis in order to establish epidemiological surveillance of these reservoirs in endemic areas.

Diversidad enzimática de la fracción soluble de un aislado venezolano de adultos Paragonimus sp / Enzymatic diversity of enzymes in the soluble fraction of adult worms from a Venezuelan isolate of Paragonimus sp

Paragonimus sp. es un trematodo que causa inflamación crónica del pulmón en mamíferos carnívoros y en el hombre, constituyendo un problema de salud pública en países asiáticos y latinoamericanos. Los trematodos poseen enzimas que facilitan la penetración y migración en diferentes hospederos a fin de garantizar su ciclo evolutivo. Con el objetivo de evaluar la diversidad enzimática de la fracción soluble (FSPA, 100.000 g) de un aislado venezolano de adultos de Paragonimus sp. se realizaron determinaciones enzimáticas a diferentes pH, usando curvas de calibración (A 405 nm vs. nmol) para interpolar la absorbancia de grupos p-nitrofenol o p-nitroanilina liberados por la hidrólisis de sustratos sintéticos; se utilizaron también sustratos 2-naftilamídicos y 2-naftólicos para determinar esterasas, peptidasas, fosfomonoesterasas y glicosidasas. Se demostró que fosfohidrolasas, glicosidasas y peptidasas están presentes en la FSPA, destacándose la β-NAG (0,55 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,5) y la cistein proteasa (0,4 μmol/h/mg, pH 5,5) como las actividades más elevadas, señalando la importancia funcional de la actividad glicosídica y peptídica en este parásito, las cuales están probablemente relacionadas con su hábitat y su necesidad de degradación de secreciones pulmonares. Estos resultados representan los primeros estudios enzimáticos registrados en vermes adultos de un aislado venezolano de Paragonimus sp. obtenidos del reservorio Didelphis marsupialis

Paragonimus sp. is a trematode that causes chronic inflammation of the lung in carnivorous mammals and humans, which constitute a public health problem in Asian and Latin American countries. Trematodes have enzymes that facilitate their penetration and migration through different host organs to ensure their life cycle. To evaluate the enzymatic diversity of the soluble fraction (FSPA, 100,000 g) of a Venezuelan isolate of Paragonimus sp. adult worms, several enzyme determinations were conducted at different pH. The activities of enzymes releasing p-nitrophenol or p-nitroanilina from the corresponding dye-related synthetic peptides were assessed by interpolating absorbance (A 405 nm) values in the corresponding calibration curve (A 405 nm vs. nmol); on the other hand, absorbances82 Bol. Mal. Salud Amb.Diversidad enzimatica de Paragonimus sp. en Venezuelaof 2-naphtylamine and 2-naphtols released from another series of synthetic substrates were read at different wavelengths between 450 nm and 620 nm to assess for the activity of the corresponding hydrolases. Phosphohydrolase, glycosidase and peptidase activities were detected in FSPA, β-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (0.55 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.5) and cystein protease (0.4 μmol/h/mg, pH 5.5) being higher than all the other detected activities. These activities are probably related to the adult worm habitat and its need for glycan and peptide degradation of lung secretions. These results represent the first enzymatic study done with a Venezuelan isolate of adult Paragonimus sp. worms collected from the common reservoir Didelphis marsupialis